Radical chemistry in polymer science: an overview and recent advances

• Zixiao Wang,
• Feichen Cui,
• Yang Sui and
• Jiajun Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1580–1603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.116

• catalyst to produce radicals at the 2- and 5-positions of thiophene and synthesized four types of poly(3-alkylthiophene)s (PATs) with different linking ways (Scheme 10). 2.2 Polymerization by thiol–ene chemistry The thiol–ene reaction (also called alkene hydrothiolation) is the anti-Markovnikov addition of

• a thiol to a C–C double bond and was first reported in 1905 [80]. It is considered as a click chemistry reaction due to its high yield, stereoselectivity, rate, and thermodynamic driving force. Generally, the thiol–ene reaction is conducted under radical conditions, often photochemically induced [81

Total synthesis of grayanane natural products

• Nicolas Fay,
• Rémi Blieck,
• Cyrille Kouklovsky and
• Aurélien de la Torre

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1707–1719, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.181

• oxygen ene reaction involving the electron-rich olefin allowed the formation of an aldehyde, which was directly cleaved by an iridium-catalyzed deformylation, affording 52 in one-pot [36]. Deprotonation with KHMDS allowed the formation of an electron-rich diene which could again react with singlet oxygen

Vicinal ketoesters – key intermediates in the total synthesis of natural products

• Marc Paul Beller and
• Ulrich Koert

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1236–1248, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.129

• cycloaddition delivered the advanced intermediate 43 in an efficient and elegant way. Jatropha-5,12-diene Towards the total synthesis of natural and unnatural jatrophane diterpenes, Hiersemann et al. used a highly efficient, intramolecular carbonyl-ene reaction of α-ketoester 49 (Scheme 8) [22]. The ketoester

• of an α-ketoester through Riley oxidation and its use in an α-ketol rearrangement in the synthesis of (−)-jiadifenoxolane A (36) [15]. Azomethine imine cycloaddition towards the synthesis of the proposed structure of palau’amine (44) [19]. Intramolecular diastereoselective carbonyl-ene reaction of an

Prins cyclization-mediated stereoselective synthesis of tetrahydropyrans and dihydropyrans: an inspection of twenty years

• Asha Budakoti,
• Pradip Kumar Mondal,
• Prachi Verma and
• Jagadish Khamrai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 932–963, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.77

• in this area has not been included. Review Prins cyclization: general For the first time, in 1899, Kriewitz [22] reported the synthesis of unsaturated pinene alcohol through a thermal ene reaction using β-pinene and paraformaldehyde. After nearly twenty years, Prins explored this reaction further for

• of aldehydes or ketones in the presence of acid (Scheme 2) [25]. Although the Kriewitz reaction was an ene reaction, the mechanism of the reaction was described to proceed via an oxocarbenium ion intermediate captured by a π-nucleophile, followed by the addition of an external nucleophile, leading to

• predominantly the all-cis product. Similarly, cis- and trans-129 (1:4), generated in situ from methyl 10-undecenoate and an aldehyde 130 via ene reaction, undergo cyclization to form THPs 131 and 132 (Scheme 31). Martín and co-workers reported a general strategy based on a reaction sequence of Evans aldol

Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions in heterocyclic chemistry and mechanistic aspects

• Shivani Gulati,
• Stephy Elza John and
• Nagula Shankaraiah

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 819–865, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.71

• reaction increased with time up to 5 min a further increase in time decreased the yield, attributed to the formation of byproduct and decomposition of product. A plausible mechanism proposed by the authors indicates the Knoevenagel condensation between 5 and 93 to form adduct A and undergo an aza-ene

• reaction with 2-(nitromethylene)hexahydropyrimidine B (obtained by reaction between 92 and 91) resulting in intermediate C. The nucleophilic addition of secondary amino to cyano group affords an intermediate D engaging in imine–enamine tautomerism and finally leads to desired products 94 (Scheme 35

Dawn of a new era in industrial photochemistry: the scale-up of micro- and mesostructured photoreactors

• Emine Kayahan,
• Mathias Jacobs,
• Leen Braeken,
• Leen C.J. Thomassen,
• Simon Kuhn,
• Tom van Gerven and
• M. Enis Leblebici

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2484–2504, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.202

• an ene reaction of β-citronellol and Diels–Alder reactions of α-terpinene and (5-methylfuran-2-yl)methanol [46] as well as the synthesis of cyclopent-2-enones from furans [47] and the synthesis of diverse γ-lactam scaffolds [48]. Conversions larger than 90% were achieved for all reactions [46][47][48

Reactions of 3-aryl-1-(trifluoromethyl)prop-2-yn-1-iminium salts with 1,3-dienes and styrenes

• Thomas Schneider,
• Michael Keim,
• Bianca Seitz and
• Gerhard Maas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2064–2072, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.173

• ] cycloaddition reactions [45]. Thus, while styrene and maleic anhydride react only at elevated temperatures, with the more electrophilic (methoxycarbonyl)maleic anhydride two 2:1 adducts are already formed at room temperature: one by two consecutive Diels–Alder reactions, the other one by a Diels–Alder/ene

• reaction sequence [46]. Taking into account the presumably high electrophilic character of the 1-(trifluoromethyl)propyn-1-iminium ion, for its reaction with styrenes we could not exclude a priori an initial electrophilic addition at the olefinic bond (with formation of a benzyl cation intermediate). The

Recent synthesis of thietanes

• Jiaxi Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1357–1410, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.116

• 386, respectively, through another Diels–Alder reaction and an ene reaction [101] (Scheme 79). The reaction of 2,2,4,4-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dithietane (363) and quadricyclane (218) gave the bridged-thietane derivative 364 quantitatively in DMSO at 50 °C within 30 min [101] (Scheme 80). 3.3

Photocatalysis with organic dyes: facile access to reactive intermediates for synthesis

• Stephanie G. E. Amos,
• Marion Garreau,
• Luca Buzzetti and
• Jerome Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1163–1187, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.103

Recent applications of porphyrins as photocatalysts in organic synthesis: batch and continuous flow approaches

• Rodrigo Costa e Silva,
• Luely Oliveira da Silva,
• Aloisio de Andrade Bartolomeu,
• Timothy John Brocksom and
• Kleber Thiago de Oliveira

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 917–955, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.83

• steps an electrochemical cyclization and an endoperoxidation photocatalyzed by TPP in an almost gram-scale (Scheme 38) [88]. In 2020, Burchill and George reported a 0.5 g-scale ene-reaction with singlet oxygen and a cromene derivative, thus giving a conjugated enone after a Kornblum–DeLaMare

β-Hydroxy sulfides and their syntheses

• Mokgethwa B. Marakalala,
• Edwin M. Mmutlane and
• Henok H. Kinfe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1668–1692, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.143

• 105–109 (Scheme 40) [73]. 3.5 Other synthetic routes to β-hydroxy sulfides Incorporation of amine, silyl and sulfide functional groups into C–C multiple bonds offers an attractive route to appropriately functionalized substrates. Inter- and intramolecular thiol-ene reaction is a highly efficient, free

• -radical mediated “click” process with diverse applications in small molecule and polymer synthesis and has been reviewed [74][75][76]. The importance of the thiol-ene reaction in the synthesis of β-hydroxy sulfides is exemplified by the work of Scanlan and co-workers as shown in Scheme 41 [77][78

• alkenes. Proposed catalytic cycle for asymmetric sulfenofunctionalization. Synthesis of thiosugars using intramolecular thiol-ene reaction. Synthesis of leukotriene C-1 by Corey et al.: (a) N-(trifluoroacetyl)glutathione dimethyl ester (3 mol equiv), Et3N, MeOH, 23 °C, 4 h, 80%; (b) K2CO3 (0.1 M) in H2O

Photocatalytic formation of carbon–sulfur bonds

• Alexander Wimmer and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 54–83, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.4

• preparation of sulfides. Non-photocatalytic procedures apply the so-called radical thiol–ene or radical thiol–yne reactions for efficient cross-coupling of thiols with olefins [24][29][30]. In 2013, Yoon and co-workers developed a photoredox-catalyzed version of the radical thiol–ene reaction (Scheme 2) [31

• , which was applied to their photocatalytic radical thiol-ene reaction (Scheme 3) [32]. While the photooxidation of aliphatic thiols by excited [Ru(bpz)3](PF6)2 is thermodynamically feasible, this process is kinetically hindered. Therefore, relatively low yields are observed or the amount of thiol has to

• photoredox-catalyzed radical thiol–ene reaction for polymer postfunctionalization and step-growth addition polymerization (Scheme 4a) [33]. In contrast to Yoon’s conditions, they used [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 as photocatalyst and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as solvent and were able to efficiently couple polybutadiene and

Strategies toward protecting group-free glycosylation through selective activation of the anomeric center

• A. Michael Downey and
• Michal Hocek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1239–1279, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.123

• determined by ESIMS) [80]. Soon after this seminal work appeared, in 2017, Fairbanks and collaborators constructed a 16-mer peptide with a complex bi-antennary N-glycan moiety ligated to the peptide using this thio–ene reaction under very similar conditions [83]. In 2016, the Fairbanks group devised a one

Total syntheses of the archazolids: an emerging class of novel anticancer drugs

• Stephan Scheeff and
• Dirk Menche

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1085–1098, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.108

• lithium dimethylcuprate. In comparison with the likewise attempted Stork–Zhao olefination this protocol by Tanino and Miyashita was superior in yield and stereoselectivity [80]. To complete the fragment synthesis the [Ru]-catalyzed Trost–Alder-ene reaction [81] generated the desired primary alcohol which

• was oxidized in 2 steps with DMP and NaClO2/NaH2PO4 to the free acid 40. The high regioselectivity of the Alder-Ene reaction is remarkable and was argued to be derived by a coordinating effect of the carbonate. Also, the overall high yield for synthesis of this elaborate vinyl iodide is impressive

• archazolid A. Synthesis of archazolid B (2) by a ring closing Heck reaction of 38. Retrosynthetic analysis of archazolid B by the Trauner group. Synthesis of acid 40 from Roche ester 41 involving a highly efficient Trost–Alder ene reaction. Synthesis of precursor 39 for the projected relay RCM reaction

A practical and efficient approach to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-fused isoquinolines through the post-GBB transformation strategy

• Taofeng Shao,
• Zhiming Gong,
• Tianyi Su,
• Wei Hao and
• Chao Che

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 817–824, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.82

• acetylene unit may then undergo a sequential 6-exo-dig cyclization/retro-ene reaction to form the desired imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-fused isoquinoline 6a. The cyclization reaction could be realized with the aid of silver or gold catalysts [51][52]. With this idea in mind, we commenced our studies by

Synthesis and evaluation of anti-oxidant and cytotoxic activities of novel 10-undecenoic acid methyl ester based lipoconjugates of phenolic acids

• Naganna Narra,
• Shiva Shanker Kaki,
• Rachapudi Badari Narayana Prasad,
• Sunil Misra,
• Koude Dhevendar,
• Venkateshwarlu Kontham and
• Padmaja V. Korlipara

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 26–32, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.4

• methyl 10-undecenoate which was subjected to a thiol–ene reaction with cysteamine hydrochloride. Further amidation of the amine was carried out with different phenolic acids such as caffeic, ferulic, sinapic, coumaric and cinnamic acid. All synthesized compounds were fully characterized and their

• lipoconjugates of phenolic acids is reported. The synthetic route was simple with product yields in the range of 84–86% over three steps. The lipid part, methyl 10-undecenoate was subjected to a thiol–ene reaction with cysteamine hydrochloride and the resulting intermediate was conjugated with the phenolic acid

Selective synthesis of thioethers in the presence of a transition-metal-free solid Lewis acid

• Federica Santoro,
• Matteo Mariani,
• Federica Zaccheria,
• Rinaldo Psaro and
• Nicoletta Ravasio

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2627–2635, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.259

• reaction of optically active (R)-1-phenylethanol gave a completely racemic compound (Scheme 1). Unfortunately allylic alcohols gave unreproducible results. However, in the case of cinnamyl alcohol (1i) we could obtain a fairly good selectivity to the product of the thiol–ene reaction 3p (Scheme 2). The

A flow reactor setup for photochemistry of biphasic gas/liquid reactions

• Josef Schachtner,
• Patrick Bayer and
• Axel Jacobi von Wangelin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1798–1811, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.170

• described set-up operates residence times of up to 30 min which cover the typical rates of many organic reactions. The tubular microreactor was successfully applied to the photooxygenation of hydrocarbons (Schenck ene reaction). Major emphasis was laid on the realization of a constant and highly

• effectively under microflow conditions [41][42][50][51][74][75]. We applied the home-made photo-flow reactor (Figure 7) to the visible light mediated oxygenation of a cyclohexene derivative (i.e., Schenck ene reaction with singlet oxygen) [72][73] and evaluated the critical reaction and reactor parameters

• . Following an optimized Schenck ene reaction procedure, N-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalimide (1a) was reacted with molecular oxygen in the presence of methylene blue as sensitizer (Scheme 6). The resultant hydroperoxide motif (2a) constitutes a valuable carbocyclic building block. For reasons of

One-pot synthesis of tetracyclic fused imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via a three-component reaction

• Bo Yang,
• Chuanye Tao,
• Taofeng Shao,
• Jianxian Gong and
• Chao Che

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1487–1492, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.145

• reaction followed by a retro-aza-ene reaction and subsequent nucleophilic reaction of the in-situ generated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines bearing an isocyanate functional group. Keywords: Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction; imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines; multi-component reaction; one-pot reaction; Introduction

• ] cycloaddition adduct could further proceed with a retro-aza–ene reaction via a concerted [1,5]-hydride shift. We first explored the reaction of 2-aminopyridine (2a), isatin (3a) and tert-butyl isocyanide (4a). Under the classical reaction conditions (entry 1, Table 1), the product 1a was isolated only in 4

• species from 2-aminopyridine and isatin which then undergoes a formal [4 + 1] cycloaddition with isocyanide to generate a spiro intermediate b. The spiro compound then undergoes a retro-aza–ene reaction via a [1,5]-hydride shift resulting in an aromatic imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine having an isocyanate

Chiral cyclopentadienylruthenium sulfoxide catalysts for asymmetric redox bicycloisomerization

• Barry M. Trost,
• Michael C. Ryan and
• Meera Rao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1136–1152, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.110

• mechanism. Whereas the palladium-catalyzed Alder–ene reaction proceeds through an initial hydrometallation of a palladium hydride intermediate, ruthenium is speculated to first form a ruthenacyclopentene prior to β-hydride elimination. Since the hydrogen leading to the 1,3-diene is inaccessible to the

• relative to substrate. Diastereomeric metal complexes formed after alcohol coordination. Divergent behavior of the palladium and ruthenium-catalyzed Alder–ene reaction. Some asymmetric enyne cycloisomerization reactions. Synthesis of p-anisyl catalyst 1. Using norephedrine-based oxathiazolidine-2-oxide 7

Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of biologically important 3-hydroxyoxindoles: an update

• Bin Yu,
• Hui Xing,
• De-Quan Yu and
• Hong-Min Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1000–1039, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.98

Iron complexes of tetramine ligands catalyse allylic hydroxyamination via a nitroso–ene mechanism

• David Porter,
• Belinda M.-L. Poon and
• Peter J. Rutledge

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2549–2556, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.275

• ], manganese- [19][20][21], iron- [23][24], copper- [22][31], rhenium- [26], and rhodium- [27] based reagents. The recent resurgence of interest in the nitroso–ene reaction builds on earlier work by Sharpless, Nicolas, Jørgensen and others. Sharpless reported allylic amination of 2-methyl-2-hexene with N-(p

• believed to follow a nitroso–ene mechanism. Similar reactions have been reported using copper salts and N-phenylhydroxylamine [39] or N-Boc-hydroxylamine [40][41], presumably via oxidation of the hydroxylamine to a nitroso species which then undergoes the nitroso–ene reaction. Stemming from our interest in

• investigations suggest the reaction proceeds via nitroso–ene reaction of the oxidised hydroxylamine and the alkene. Results and Discussion Synthesis of metal complexes The tetramine ligands TPA (1), BPMEN (2) and (R,R′)-PDP (3) were synthesised following literature procedures [48][50][51], then combined with

The synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using continuous flow chemistry

• Marcus Baumann and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1194–1219, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.134

• singlet oxygen mediated ene-reaction, a Hock cleavage of the resulting hydroperoxide 58 followed by oxidation with triplet oxygen and a final peracetalisation (Scheme 9). Based on previous work by the Seeberger group and others [63][64][65] a simple flow photoreactor set-up comprising of a layer of FEP

Postsynthetic functionalization of glycodendrons at the focal point

• Thisbe K. Lindhorst and
• Katharina Elsner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1482–1487, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.152

• etherification, thiol-ene reaction and in particular olefin cross metathesis. Keywords: amphiphilic glycomimetics; cross metathesis; glycodendrons; multivalent glycoconjugates; multivalent glycosystems; Introduction In addition to nucleic acids and proteins, molecular life is based on a third important class

• expected in case of the glycodendrons 3–9. However, the so-called “thiol-ene” reaction [10] gave reliable results with both bivalent and tetravalent glycodendrons. The radical addition of mercaptododecane to either 3 or 7, employing AIBN as radical starter, led to the amphiphilic thioethers 12 and 13

• ). Conclusion In conclusion, it was shown that readily available polyether glycodendrons can be refined employing suitable postsynthetic modification of the focal point. We have illustrated, that alkylation, thiol-ene reaction and in particular olefin cross metathesis leads to di- and tetravalent glycolipid

Allenylphosphine oxides as simple scaffolds for phosphinoylindoles and phosphinoylisocoumarins

• G. Gangadhararao,
• Ramesh Kotikalapudi,
• M. Nagarjuna Reddy and
• K. C. Kumara Swamy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 996–1005, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.99

• the interemdiate allene [29]. Many other unusual transformations have also been reported recently [31]. In another reaction leading to phosphinoylindenone depicted in Scheme 1c, an intramolecular ene-reaction is possibly involved and in Scheme 1d the reaction led to phosphinoylisochromenes via